from:
-- Argentina; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica
1971, vol. 3
-- Neo-Nazism; In: Encyclopaedia
Judaica 1971, vol. 12
[1946-1955: Perón
government with Nazi friendly policy]
[[History]].
1946-1968. Juan Perón's accession to power prompted serious
fears among the Jewish population because he had been aided
by the Fascist organization Alianza Libertadora Nacionalista
[[National Liberty Alliance]] and was known to sympathize
with the Nazi government in Germany. The establishment of
the Registry of Non-Catholic Cults and the introduction of
Catholic religious instruction in the public schools
increased these fears. Growing concern was partially
dispelled by the introduction of a special clause (Clause
28) in the new constitution on March 16, 1949, forbidding
racial discrimination and by Perón's declaration of sympathy
for the rights of the Jews and for the [[racist Zionist
Herzl]] State of Israel.
Anti-Semitic attacks continued, however, and Buenos Aires
became a center for anti-Semitic publications and neo-Nazi
activity on an international scale. Jewish immigration was
stopped entirely, while Argentina welcomed thousands of
Nazis and their collaborators escaping from Europe.
[[The Nazi refugees escaped from the war trials. "Neutral"
Swiss diplomats brought the money of the Nazis in the
attaché case. But the war trials themselves were not very
"neutral", and collaboration of the "USA" with Third Reich
against Soviet Union was completely concealed]].
The protests of the D.A.I.A. [[Delegations of Israelite
Argenine Associations, Spanish: Delegacion de Asociaciones
Israelitas Argentinas]] and the efforts of the pro-Peronist
Organización Israelita Argentina [[Israelite Argentinian
Organization]], based on Clause 28, were only partially
successful.> (col. 416)
[Neo-Nazism in Argentina]
(from: Neo-Nazism; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971, vol.
12)
<Argentina figured prominently in the Nazis' plans to
save the movement and themselves after defeat. This tied
in well with President Peron's dreams of Argentinian
hegemony based on a modernized army and an independent
armament industry, which the Nazi experts were to develop.
Nazis headed nuclear research institutes, while World War
II air aces like Rudel and Galland advised the Argentinian
air force and Professor Tank, a German jet designer,
started an Argentinian aircraft industry.
Eichmann and his aides (Klingenfuss, Rademacher, and Dr.
Mengele) found sanctuary, while Johannes von Leers, head
of an anti-Jewish department in Goebbels's Propaganda
Ministry, became Peron's adviser. Moreover, the Nazi
gospel continued to be preached in German in
Der Weg (Buenos
Aires) [["The Path"]] and other Duerer Verlag
publications.
[Neo-Nazis changing from
Argentina to Egypt]
After Peron's fall (1955), some of these fugitives moved
to Egypt (a Nazi sanctuary since 1945), where military
needs and anti-Israel, anti-Semitic resentments offered
them scope. [[...]]
[ER.H.]> (col. 956)
[1955: Anti-Semitism after
Perón's fall - 1960s: anti-Semitism because of the
Eichmann case - condemnation of anti-Semitism 1961 -
prohibition of anti-Semitic organizations in 1963]
The overthrow of Perón (September 1955) was accompanied by
an increase in anti-Semitic activities, especially by such
anti-Semitic movements as Tacuara and its various factions,
which were further augmented after the capture of Adolf
*Eichmann in May 1960 and his execution in 1962.
The senate's condemnation of anti-Semitism (September 1961)
was not backed by any law-enforcement action, and even the
outlawing of anti-Semitic organizations in May 1963 and
especially November 1964 failed to wipe out anti-Semitism.
[1966: Nationalist
revolution and government under General Carlos Onganía -
anti-Semitic activity - Jewish activity]
After the revolution of June 1966, in which General Carlos
Onganía seized power, anti-Semitic organizations became
adherents of the new regime, and by 1967, despite the
placatory declarations by the government, Argentina was a
center of anti-Semitic activity. Of the 313 anti-Semitic
incidents in the world recorded in 1967, 142 occurred in
Argentina. Starting in the late 1950s, and particularly
between 1963 and 1965, the anti-Semites were aided by
representatives of the *Arab League in Buenos Aires. The
penetration of anti-Semitism into the working classes - and
especially the Peronist trade unions - was particularly
significant as the Jewish working class had all but
disappeared.
The increase in anti-Semitism heightened D.A.I.A.'s (col.
416)
activity, which reached a peak on June 28, 1962, with a
general protest strike by Jewish merchants and businessmen.
The annual ceremony commemorating the *Warsaw Ghetto
uprising (with 20,000 participants in 1963 and 25,000
participants in 1968) organized by the D.A.I.A. gained a
special significance and topicality.
[Some more Jewish
organizations in Argentina 1946-1968]
In June 1948 the Instituto Judío Argentino de Cultura e
Información [[Jewish Argentinian Institute for Culture and
Information]] was established as a public relations organ
for the Jewish community.
In public life, the process of unification continued after
1948 and was greatly influenced by the establishment of the
[[racist Zionist Herzl]] State of Israel. The Chevra
Keduscha Aschkenazi [["Holy Ashkenazi Society"]] became a
central
kehillah
([[community]], see *A.M.I.A.) dominated by the [[racist]]
Zionist parties, which were themselves organized into the
Organización Sionista Argentina [["Zionist Argentinian
Organization"]]. In 1952 a Va'ad ha-Kehillot [[regional
council of a community]], established through the initiative
of A.M.I.A., united about 140 communities. Its objective was
to provide help in improving religious and educational
services.
With the establishment of the [[racist Zionist Herzl]] State
of Israel the Sephardi community also deepened its
interest in [[racist Herzl]] Zionism, organized its own
fund-raising campaign, and worked in closer cooperation with
the Ashkenazim through the Va'ad ha-Kehillot. The Sephardim
began to form a central organization to service their
communities (1965) and even formed their own Zionist
movement [[racist according to the Herzl program]].
[Jewish schools in
Argentina are more and more racist Zionist - emigration to
racist Zionist Herzl Israel (aliyah), to the "USA", and
Jews come back from racist Zionist Herzl Israel]
The Jewish educational system gradually became Israel- and
Hebrew-oriented, and all Jewish organizations, including
those that stress their Argentinian character, actively
identified with the [[racist Zionist Herzl]] State of
Israel. For the large majority of Argentinian Jews
identification with the [[racist Zionist Herzl]] State of
Israel constituted the basic means of Jewish identity,
despite the fact that, from the beginning of the Perón
regime, marked cultural and ethnic heterogeneity decreased
and Argentinian nationalism grew.
The clearest expression of this identification is the
achievement of the pioneering youth movements and the trend
of emigration to [[racist Zionist Herzl]] Israel. Beginning
with a few pioneers who moved to Israel in the pre-World War
II period and a score more in 1945,
aliyah increased after
the establishment of the State of Israel and led to the
founding of eight new kibbutzim (the first of which was
*Mefalsim in 1949). Smaller groups joined at least 15 other
kibbutzim, while other groups founded and joined moshavim
[[worker's settlements]].
A large number of economic enterprises and investment
companies in Israel were also founded by Argentinians. By
1960 about 4,500 Argentinians had moved to Israel: aliyah
was greatest during Argentina's political and economic
crisis of 1962-63 and after the *Six-Day War. The
Argentinian Jewish community expressed its support for
aliyah by granting
special sums of money to the immigrants through A.M.I.A.
Nonetheless, the number of Jews who settled in Israel was
less than the estimated natural increase of Argentinian
Jewry and does not account for all Jewish emigrants from
Argentina. In 1962-63 about 2,000 Argentinian Jews emigrated
to the U.S. alone. In addition, difficulties of integration
and absorption resulted in the return of a considerable
number of Argentinians from Israel.
[[The same also happened with Italien Jews returning to
Italy again]].
[[Supplement: Zionist Herzl
state Israel means an eternal war
The fact that the State of Israel has the Herzl book "The
Jewish State" as it's ideological base which says that all
Arabs can be driven away like the natives in the "USA" is
never mentioned in Encyclopaedia Judaica. This book provokes
harsh anti-Semitism on the whole world. It can be assumed
that many Jews from Argentina came back because they did not
accept the Jewish racism against Arabs, did not accept the
Jewish Herzl army philosophy to kill Arabs, and did not
accept the 3 years military service for men and women. This
would be an research field]].
[Split Jewry in Argentina
between racist Herzl Zionists and communists]
After the establishment of the [[racist Zionist Herzl]]
State of Israel, estrangement increased between the [[racist
Herzl]] Zionists and the [[Stalin Gulag]] communists, and in
1952, when the latter gave their unmitigated support to the
[[Stalin Gulag]] Soviet government during the *Slansky
Trials and the *"Doctor's Plot", the ties between the two
groups were severed completely. The [[Stalin Gulag]]
communists continued to develop their own institutions and
educational system, press, and the I.F.T. theater, while
disassociating themselves from the [[racist Zionist Herzl]]
State of Israel. Their negative attitude toward [[racist
Zionist Herzl]] Israel grew stronger during the *Sinai
Campaign and was maintained during the Six-Day War. But as a
result, a considerable number of communists and their
sympathizers seceded from their camp and joined [[racist
Herzl]] Zionist groups. (col. 417)
[Integration of the Jews in
the Argentinian everyday life - mixed marriages -
universities - confraternidad]
Despite the comprehensive character of organized Jewish life
and the existence of anti-Semitism, Jews have been able to
integrate. Many distinguished themselves in the arts and
sciences and some even attained important positions in
political life. Two Jews became governors of provinces, and
one, David Blejer, filled the post of minister of labour and
social welfare. Assimilation of Argentinian Jewry has
increased in the last decade [[in the 1960s]].
The rate of mixed marriages has risen, although there are no
exact statistics on this point, and Argentinian Jewish
university youth participated more widely in non-Jewish
activities (most of them left-wing) than in organized Jewish
life. The Confraternidad Judeo-Cristiana [[Jewish-Christian
Fraternization]], an organization of Catholics, Protestants,
and Jews aimed at improving Judeo-Christian relations, was
founded in 1958. After the Vatican Council II, the Catholic
church established an Ecumenical Office, which, together
with other groups, maintains a religious dialogue with
certain Jewish sectors, the benefits of which are limited
both in the Jewish and Gentile communities.
[H.A.]> (col. 418)
[[The persecution, expulsion and partly extermination
of the natives in Argentina is never mentioned in the
Encyclopaedia Judaica]].
[Population figures]
<The emergence of Argentinian Jewry as the
second largest Jewish community
in the western hemisphere is a 20th-century
development. The following table shows the evolution of the
Jewish population since 1869, when the first census was
taken:
Table 1.
Total Jewish population in Argentina, 1869 to
1968
|
Year
xxxxxxxxxxxxx
|
Total
population
|
Jewish
population
[[counted by census]]
|
Estimated
Jewish
population
|
Percent
of
the Jewish population
|
1869
|
1,737,076xxx
|
-
|
1,000xxxxxxxx
|
-
|
1895
|
3,954,911xxx |
6,085xxxxxxxxx
|
-
|
1.0%
[?]xxx |
1914
|
7,885,273xxx |
-
|
100-117,000xxxxxxxx |
1.2-1.4%xxxxxx
|
1947
|
15,893,827xxx |
249,330xxxxxxxxx |
265-275,000xxxxxxxx |
1.6-1.7%xxxxxx |
1960
|
20,008,945xxx |
275,913xxxxxxxxx |
400-450,000xxxxxxxx |
1.9-2.2%xxxxxx |
1968
|
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
|
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
|
400-500,000xxxxxxxx |
|
| from: Argentina; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica,
vol. 3, col. 418 |
[Total of Jews in
Argentina: The errors of the census of 1960 - many more
Jews estimated]
The census figures contain a large margin of error and must
be augmented. Thus, the first census, held on Oct. 29, 1960,
in addition to accounting for about 276,000 Jews, also
revealed around 930,000 persons who declared themselves as
not belonging to a religious denomination or did not specify
their religion. The latter group probably contains a large
proportion of Jews.
Moreover, the census was held on the eve of the Day of
Atonement, and a considerable number of Jews could not fill
in the returns. Unfortunately, it is impossible to determine
with any degree of precision the margin of underestimation.
The present [[1971]] size of the Jewish population of
Argentina is variously reported to be between 400,000
and 450,000, or even 500,000, but all these figures are
based on highly conjectural estimates.
It has been estimated that about 90% of the present Jewish
population under 40 years of age is Argentinian-born. Among
those aged 40 and over, 72% are foreign born, 17% have one
foreign-born parent, and 8% are Argentinian-born. Some 85%
of the total Jewish population are of Ashkenazi origin
[[from Western and Central Europa and from Russia with white
skin]], and 15% are of Sephardi origin [[from Southern
Europe, Asia and North Afrika with brown skin]].
Very little is known about the basic demographic
characteristics of Argentinian Jewry. Over the last few
years, the Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales [[Social
Investigation Institute]] of A.M.I.A. has published a number
of valuable statistical studies (see bibliography), but the
material collected on the pattern of Jewish marriages and on
Jewish mortality in Buenos Aires has not yet been properly
analyzed and is not sufficiently comprehensive to allow for
valid generalizations.> (col. 418)
[Jews in Argentina:
distribution in the provinces]
<The postwar censuses (1947 and 1960) show the following
distribution:
Table.
Jewish population in the provinces of Argentina
1947 and 1960
Unaugmented census figure which can only be
regarded as a rough indication of the geographic
distribution trends.
|
Province
|
Jewish population
1947
|
Percent
distribution
|
Jewish population
1960
|
Percent
distribution
|
Federal Capital
|
166,190xxxxxxxxx
|
66.9%xxxxxxxxx |
183,547xxxxxxxxx |
66.6%xxxxxx |
Buenos Aires
|
32,725xxxxxxxxx |
13.1%xxxxxxxxx |
47,086xxxxxxxxx |
17.1%xxxxxx |
Santa Fé
|
16,724xxxxxxxxx |
6.9%xxxxxxxxx |
14,152xxxxxxxxx |
5.1%xxxxxx |
Entre Ríos
|
11,876xxxxxxxxx |
4.9%xxxxxxxxx |
8,229xxxxxxxxx |
3.0%xxxxxx |
Córdoba
|
5,925xxxxxxxxx |
2.3%xxxxxxxxx |
8,639xxxxxxxxx |
3.1%xxxxxx |
Tucamán
|
2,787xxxxxxxxx |
1.0%xxxxxxxxx |
2,897xxxxxxxxx |
1.0%xxxxxx |
Chaco
|
2,744xxxxxxxxx |
1.0%xxxxxxxxx |
2,066xxxxxxxxx |
0,8%xxxxxx |
Mendoza
|
2,439xxxxxxxxx |
0.9%xxxxxxxxx |
2,767xxxxxxxxx |
1.0%xxxxxx |
La Pampa
|
1,408xxxxxxxxx |
0.5%xxxxxxxxx |
704xxxxxxxxx |
0.2%xxxxxx |
Corrientes
|
1,377xxxxxxxxx |
0.5%xxxxxxxxx |
1,296xxxxxxxxx |
0.4%xxxxxx |
Other
|
5,135xxxxxxxxx |
2.0%xxxxxxxxx |
4,530xxxxxxxxx |
1.7%xxxxxx |
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
|
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
|
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
|
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
|
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
|
Total
|
249,330xxxxxxxxx |
|
275,913xxxxxxxxx |
|
| from: Argentina; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica,
vol. 3, col. 419 |
Two-thirds of the Jews in Argentina are concentrated in
Buenos Aires, which, together with the outlying suburbs, has
an estimated Jewish population of some 350,000-380,000.
Other important Jewish communities are found in Rosario
(15,000), Córdoba (8,000), and Santa Fé (4,000). Entre Ríos
[[province]], which at the turn of the century was the home
of the majority of the Jewish population, now includes only
about 3% of the total Jewish population.
[P.G.]> (col. 419)
[Jewish economy and Social
Stratification 1946-1968: Banks and cooperatives]
<The economic development of the Jewish population in the
post-World War II era is also reflected in the considerable
progress made by their financial institutions. Though the
largest Jewish bank, the Banco Israelita del Río de la Plata
[[Israelite Río de la Plata Bank]], closed as a result of a
financial scandal in 1963, other banks, such as the Banco
Comercial de Buenos Aires [[Commercial Bank of Buenos
Aires]] and the Banco Mercantil de Argentina [[Mercantile
Bank of Argentina]], which service the general community,
gained in status and the Cooperatives de Crédito [[Loan
Cooperatives]] also prospered.
These cooperatives, which spread throughout Argentina,
expanded especially among the Jewish population and in the
late 1960s had many thousands of members - merchants,
farmers, middle-class industrialists, and even salaried
workers. The large income from the cooperatives' financial
activities, which in fact include normal banking operations,
is devoted largely to public and social purposes such as
financing Jewish schools, cultural centers, and Jewish
political activity, considerably influencing Jewish communal
institutions.
Thus Argentinian Jewry was greatly alarmed in 1966 when
General Onganía's revolutionary government intended to limit
or abolish the operations of the credit associations.
[[...]]
Jewish companies, often very large ones, existed within the
new industries after World War II to supply the local
market. Jews also engaged in all aspects of the building
industry (a considerable number of the skyscrapers or
torres characteristic
of the 1960s were erected by Jewish companies), played a
significant role in the commerce that developed around the
new branches of industry, and diversified their positions in
the liberal professions.> (col. 420)
[Jewish agricultural
settlements are not so Jewish any more]
<In the succeeding period [[since 1945]], however, more
families left the land, and in 1962 there were fewer
settlers than there had been in 1898 (5,907 compared to
6,755 at the earlier date). The families who remained in
1962 were smaller in size than those of 1898 (an average of
less than three members as against over five to a
family at the earlier date) and belonged to an older
age group.
On the other hand, the number of non-Jews in the colonies
was almost double that of the Jewish colonists (about
10,220). In 1964 the number of Jewish farmers who lived on
and cultivated their land in the colonies was estimated at
782 families. The overall territory under Jewish ownership
was 1,121,950 acres (450,000 hectares). Despite the fact
that there were Jewish farmers who were well established on
their soil, especially in the south of Buenos Aires
province, the future of the Jewish colonies was uncertain in
the late 1960s.> (col. 429)
[[Expulsion and partly destruction of Argentinian natives is
never mentioned in Encyclopaedia Judaica]].
[Jewish agricultural
cooperatives]
<All the cooperatives do their purchasing, modernize
production methods, and market their products through the
Fraternidad Agraria [["Agrarian Fraternity"]]. The great
strides made by it are revealed by the following statistics:
in 1967 the cooperatives' purchases reached $1,640,594 and
the grain transactions (50,598 tons) totaled a sum of
$2,676,705. The main grains harvested by the Jewish
cooperatives were wheat (44,464 tons), sorghum (4,468 tons),
and sunflower (1,237 tons), whose cultivation was introduced
to Argentina by the Jewish colonists of the Mauricio colony.
[[...]] The cooperatives Granjeros Unidos (United Farmers,
in Rivera), El Progreso [["The Progress"]] (in Bernasconi),
and La Mutua Agrícola [[Agrarian Professional Association]]
(in Moisésville) are now provided with silos equipped with
the most modern facilities to assure the greatest efficiency
in handling, sorting, and storing grain. In Dominguez a
vegetable oils factory named after Ingeniero [[the
engineer]] Miguel Sajaroff is operated by Fondo Comunal
[[Communal Fund]] together with the Federación Entrerriana
de Cooperativas [[?]]. It converts linen grains collected by
the zone cooperatives into oil and by-products. [[...]]
The impulse given by the Jewish colonists to the agrarian
cooperative movement was fecund. In 1937 only 3% of the
country's producers were integrated into cooperatives; in
1965 the number of farmers who sold their products through
cooperative increased to 63%. The highest official
representative (col. 432)
body of the Argentinian agricultural and cattle-breeding
movement is the Confederación Intercooperativa Agropecuaria
Cooperativa (CONINAGRO) [[Confederation of Intercooperative
Agrarian Cooperatives]]. The Fraternidad Agraria [["Agrarian
Fraternity"]] constitutes a part of it and is one of the
supporters of the Argentinian Agrarian Cooperative Bank,
founded in 1965, which began its activities by extending
credit to the sum of $3,257,142 to its member cooperatives.
[L.SCH.]> (col. 433)
[Independent Jewish
agricultural settlements - results by the agricultural
settlements: new towns]
<In 1964 the number of agricultural settlers outside the
ICA framework was estimated at 237. Despite the fact that by
the 1960s the number of families whose source of income was
the land had fallen to under 2,000, the large majority of
whom were not living on their land, Jewish agricultural
settlement had many positive achievements. Due to it a chain
of small towns sprang up at the edge of the colonies as
centers for trade and small industry (see map), new crops
were introduced, modern methods of cultivation were
implemented, and the cooperative movement was developed.
Agricultural settlements served as absorption centers for
new immigrants and created areas of predominantly Jewish
population from which many of the leaders and public figures
of Argentinian Jewry emerged.
[H.A.]> (col. 431)
[Changing class structure
of Argentinian Jewry according to the development of
professions]
<Economic changes naturally altered the social and
economic class structure of Argentinian Jewry. No
comprehensive research has been carried out in this field;
but research conducted by Eduardo Rogovsky and Abraham Monk
which is based upon 1,725 young couples who in 1961-62 were
married in a religious ceremony in Greater Buenos Aires
found a marked movement toward white-collar occupations and
indicate that the Jewish population belongs mainly to the
middle and upper classes.
The status of Jews in the general population has been
exemplified by a census taken of the Jewish community in
Quilmes, near Buenos Aires, in 1968. There were 1,169 Jews
out of a total population of 317,783. In the economically
viable portion of the Jewish population, only 26.7% were
salaried workers, of whom 3.5% were laborers and the
remainder were white-collar workers. The percentage of
salaried workers in the general population was 81.2%, of
whom at least half were labourers. On the other hand, 70.9%
of the economically viable Jewish population were employers
and self-employed, while the parallel figure for the general
population was only 16.3%.
Poverty has not been eradicated among Argentinian Jewry, and
A.M.I.A. alone spent some 6-7% of its budget in 1965-67 on
supporting the poor (apart from the aid extended by other
charitable associations). Nevertheless, Jewish relationship
with the Argentinian proletariat is becoming increasingly
that of the employer with his employee. Along with this,
Jews are to a great extent absent from the upper and ruling
echelons of society, and their absence in these domains is
an important factor in determining the future of Argentinian
Jewry.
[H.A.]> (col. 421)
[Religious life: New Jewish
religous immigrants]
<The third period (1939-68) was one of a limited
religious renaissance, supported by a new wave of religious
immigrants. New types of talmudei torah and yeshivot
[[Jewish religious schools]], both Ashkenazi and Sephardi,
were founded. The most notable (col. 421)
among them is the Yeshivah Gevohah of the
kehillah [[community]],
five graduates of which were ordained in Israel up to 1968.
During this period various religious organizations, both
political and apolitical, such as Mizrachi, Yavnhe, Agudat
Israel, and the Sephardi movement Shuvah Israel, were
created. The rabbinate of the
kehillah was institutionalized and
developed during this period.
In 1966, Rabbi David Dahana, former chief chaplain of the
[[racist Zionist Herzl]] Israel Air Force, assumed the post
of
av bet din
[[chairman of the Jewish court]] of the rabbinate of
A.M.I.A.
Conservative Judaism, represented only by the Congregación
Israelita de la República Argentina (CIRA) [[Israelite
Congregation of the Argentinian Republic]], expanded during
this period, when several
German-speaking
Conservative congregations were established. In 1962, as a
result of a schism in CIRA, the Conservative community
Bet-El was established under the guidance of Rabbi Marshall
Meyer. Earlier that year, the Seminario Rabinico
Latino-Americano [[Latin American Rabbinical Seminary]] was
established, offering a preparatory course for advanced
studies at the *Jewish Theological Seminary of America in
New York.
From 1961 CIRA and later also Bet-El maintained annual
"Ramah" summer camps as well as other youth activities. In
1964 Reform Judaism established its first congregation,
Emanuel, in Buenos Aires.
In 1968 Argentina had three Reform, seven Conservative, and
15 Orthodox rabbis, ten of whom were Ashkenazi and five
Sephardi; four other rabbis were practicing temporarily in
Buenos Aires. This staff of spiritual leaders is
insufficient in view of the size of the Jewish community and
its dispersal throughout the country. There are communities
that have never had a rabbi nor been visited by one.
Circumcisions and weddings are performed by laymen, and very
little religious observance is possible. Remedying this
(col. 422)
situation is the most important task undertaken by the Va'ad
ha-Kehillot [[regional council of a community]].> (col.
423)
[Cultural life: A.M.I.A.,
racist Herzl Zionism, and Hebrew are dominating more and
more]
<[[The newspaper "Di Prese"]]: Since the end of World War
II and the establishment of the [[racist Zionist Herzl]]
State of Israel, the paper has also reinforced its ties
with [[racist Herzl]] Zionism.> (col. 423)
<With the organization and strengthening of A.M.I.A.,
most of the Jewish community's cultural activities have been
concentrated under its auspices. A.M.I.A. also subsidizes
the activities of other organizations and publishing houses.
A large number of books on Jewish subjects (particularly in
Yiddish) are published in Argentina, but only a minority of
them are written by local authors. There is also a
considerable number of monthlies and weeklies published
primarily by various political parties and economic, social,
and philanthropic organizations. The Jewish daily press
played a decisive role in the consolidation of the community
and is still influential in Jewish life. Its influence is
decreasing, however, mainly because of the estrangement of
Jewish youth from the Yiddish language. Efforts to establish
a Jewish daily paper in Spanish have not yet achieved
success, primarily for financial reasons. The
Juedische Wochenschau
[[Jewish Weekly]], a German-language weekly with a
[[racist]] Zionist orientation, ceased publication in 1968
with the death of its editor, Hardy Swarsensky. (col. 424)
Although Jewish culture in Argentina is both rich and
diversified, it is nonetheless facing a crisis. Cultural
activities reach only a small portion of the overall Jewish
population, basically because they are mostly held in
Yiddish. The language problem is not the only obstacle,
however. Jewish youth in Argentina are becoming increasingly
alienated from Jewish affairs, and their lack of interest
affects the future of the cultural scene. In 1968 there was
no Yiddish theater performing on a regular basis (in 1939
there were three); individual performances did take place
with the support of A.M.I.A., but their quality was not on
the level of its earlier years.
Instances of original and creative works in any of the arts
are rare. There has been a rise in cultural activities in
Hebrew in the last few years, especially since the
establishment of the Israel-Argentina Cultural Institute,
which deals mainly in arranging cultural exchanges between
Argentina and Israel. In the provinces the situation is even
less encouraging, as these areas are totally dependent upon
events in the capital.
[SH.R.]> (col. 425)
[[Prosecution, expulsion and partly extermination of the
primary nations in Argentina is never mentioned in the
Encyclopaedia Judaica]].
[Racist Zionist schools -
anti-Zionist schools - numbers - problems]
<In 1957, after the Va'ad ha-Kehillot [[regional council
of the congregation]] was formed, the Va'ad ha-Hinnukh
[[education committee]] of A.M.I.A. and the Va'ad ha-Hinnukh
ha-Rashi merged to form the central education committee,
with which all Jewish schools, except those belonging to the
Communists, most of the Sephardim, and certain other
communities (such as those of German origin), are
affiliated.
Until recently most Jewish schools in Argentina provided
only supplementary education for pupils attending non-Jewish
schools. In 1966, when the school day was lengthened in many
government schools, more thought was given to the
establishment of Jewish day schools, a few of which already
existed. The Jewish day schools were recognized as private
schools and taught both general and Jewish subjects. The
budget required for building and maintaining such schools,
however, was correspondingly greater, and when public funds
could not be acquired, parents of modest means were not able
to afford to send their children to these schools.
In 1968 the Jewish educational system of Greater Buenos
Aires comprised the following: 5,065 children aged between
two and five in 51 kindergartens; 8,900 pupils in 58 (col.
425)
elementary schools (seven grades), eight of which were day
schools and the rest supplementary schools; and 1,675 pupils
in 13 high schools, four of which were yeshivot [[Jewish
religious schools]]. In the rest of Argentina, there were
969 children in 33 kindergartens; 2,787 pupils in 52
elementary schools; and 633 pupils in eight high schools.
These figures arrived at a total of 20,033 students in
Jewish schools throughout Argentina.
Although the schools were divided according to various
political trends, all the programs stressed studies about
modern [[racist Zionist Herzl]] Israel and the development
of Jewish national consciousness.
[[Supplement: This "consciousness" is a trap: The Zionist
Herzl program means to drive all Arabs away like the natives
in the "USA" had been driven away. The "Jewish national
consciousness" is an eternal war program never mentioned in
Encyclopaedia Judaica, with a "Gretar Israel" between Nile
river and Euphrates river according to First Mose chapter 15
phrase 18. Therefore anti-Semitism all over the world and
above all in all Arab countries is rising and will never
stop, until this Herzl book is prohibited and until Israel
will come to human rights together with the Arab states]].
Most schools taught both Yiddish and Hebrew, although with
considerably differing emphasis. Teachers were trained in
seminaries representing the various ideological trends.
From 1944 A.M.I.A. had its own central teachers' seminary.
The Jewish [[Stalin Gulag]] Communists, who did not belong
to the central education committee [[and who were
anti-Zionist]], had several kindergartens, five elementary
schools, and two high schools. About 900 pupils attended
these schools, where neither Hebrew nor religious subjects
were taught.
In the field of higher education, Ha-Midrashah ha-Ivrit
(Hebrew Seminary), which had 170 pupils in 1967, mainly
trained high school teachers. From 1962 A.M.I.A. and
Hebraica ran a school for youth leaders on the level of an
institution of higher learning.
Despite the fact that the Jewish educational system in
Argentina was a source of pride for Argentinian Jewry, it
contained certain defects. Although Jewish education was
available to large numbers of students, it catered to only
an estimated 14-18% of school-age children. The increasing
number of dropouts each year is illustrated by the fact that
in 1967, in all the schools run by the Va'ad ha-Hinnukh
[[Education Committee]] in Buenos Aires, only 560 pupils
finished elementary school and 126 graduated from high
school. Other defects included division on a political
basis, lack of suitable educational material, and conflicts
over the program (such as the relative place of Yiddish and
Hebrew). These and other problems have been regularly raised
at special conferences to debate educational problems, as
well as at the meetings of the Va'ad ha-Kehillot [[regional
council of a community]] and A.M.I.A.
It is estimated that only about 12% of Argentina's Jewish
youth are active in community organizations. The alienation
from Jewish life is largely due to the lack of large-scale
Jewish education and the consequent lack of positive Jewish
identification and interest in community issues, as well as
the opportunity to express their social and political unrest
in the universities. A smaller number of youth are organized
in the pioneering [[racist]] Zionist youth movements than in
the general Jewish youth organization united in the
Confederación Juvenil Judeo Argentina [[Jewish Argentinian
Youth Confederation]], which represents Argentinian Jewish
youth locally, nationally, and internationally and publishes
the bimonthly
Tiempo de
Jerusalén [["Jerusalem Times"]]. See also
*Education, Argentina.
[R.P.R.]> (col. 426)
<Ties with [[racist
Zionist anti-Muslim CIA Herzl]] Israel.
Argentina has always had a significant place in Israel's
foreign policy as a prominent Latin American country and a
country with a very large Jewish community. From 1947, when
Argentina abstained from voting for the UN Partition Plan
for Palestine, relations were marked by steady progress.
Argentina recognized [[racist Zionist anti-Muslim CIA
Herzl]] Israel on Feb. 14, 1949, and diplomatic missions
were established in Buenos Aires and Tel Aviv in August and
September 1949, respectively.
Argentina's position varies on a number of issues affecting
Israel. In the annually recurrent UN debates on Palestine
refugees, Argentina has for years voted with Israel against
attempts to appoint a UN property custodian, on the ground
that it would be an unacceptable interference with national
sovereignty. Following the Six-Day War, Argentina was in the
forefront of the Latin American (col. 426)
[[Human rights for Palestinians and propaganda against Arabs
in racist Herzl Zionist Israel are never mentioned in
Encyclopaedia Judaica]].
nations that opposed Soviet and Arab efforts in the
Emergency Session of the UN General Assembly to bring about
an unconditional evacuation of the Israel-held territories.
On the other hand, she has consistently favored the
internationalization of Jerusalem, and after the Six-Day War
voted against the municipal reunification of the city.
In 1960 the capture of Adolf Eichmann in Argentina caused a
temporary crisis in relations, which returned to normal
after some months. Commercial treaties exist between the two
countries, the trade balance being overwhelmingly in favor
of Argentina (due to meat exports that vary from $10,000,000
to $15,000,000 a year).
In 1957 a cultural exchange agreement was signed. An
Israel-Argentina Cultural Institute exists in Buenos Aires,
and Argentina House was established in Jerusalem in 1967.
Technical cooperation developed in the 1960s between the two
countries in such fields as rural planning in semi-arid
zones and the uses of water. Israel's progress has aroused
considerable interest in Argentina, with the result that a
number of Argentinian leaders have visited [[racist Zionist
anti-Muslim CIA Herzl]] Israel. Public opinion in
Argentina's mass media has been favorable to [[racist
Zionist]] Israel on most outstanding questions.
[E.B.-H.]> (col. 427)
[[Mass expulsion of Palestinians and destruction of complete
Palestinian villages and Palestinian towns in Israel is
never mentioned in Encyclopaedia Judaica]].
